RESUMEN El diagnóstico serológico de la enfermedad de Chagas, causada por Trypanosoma cruzi, carece de “gold standard”, siendo considerada la inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) como prueba de referencia para la detección de anticuerpos. Actualmente en Paraguay, el diagnóstico se basa en combinar dos pruebas serológicas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la concordancia entre una prueba in-house de IFI y un test comercial de hemoaglutinación indirecta (HAI), para la detección de anticuerpos IgG anti-T. cruzi. Se evaluaron 54 muestras de pacientes que acudieron al Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS) con solicitud médica de serología para Chagas. Los sueros fueron primeramente analizados por IFI (29 positivos y 25 negativos) y almacenados en una seroteca, posteriormente, se descongelaron para su análisis por HAI. Se determinó la concordancia entre IFI y HAI utilizando el índice Kappa. La concordancia observada entre ambos métodos fue muy buena (Índice Kappa=0,96; p(0,0001). No se observaron diferencias significativas en las frecuencias de muestras que presentaron IgG anti-T.cruzi en los niveles bajo (p=0,759), intermedio (p=1,000) y alto (p=0,592). Los anticuerpos medidos por ambos métodos mostraron buena correlación (Rho de Spearman= 0,715; p<0,01). La sensibilidad y especificidad de HAI frente a IFI fue 96,6% y 100%, respectivamente. Los hallazgos sugieren que la combinación de ambas pruebas evaluadas, o bien HAI con otras pruebas serológicas, sería una buena elección diagnóstica en la enfermedad de Chagas en nuestro medio.

ABSTRACT The serological diagnosis of Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, lacks a "gold standard", being indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) considered the reference test for the detection of antibodies. Currently in Paraguay, the diagnosis is based on combining two serological tests. The objective of the study was to evaluate the agreement between an IFI in-house assay and a commercial indirect haemagglutination test (HAI) for the detection of IgG anti-T. cruzi. A total of 54 samples were evaluated, all from patients who attended the Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS) with a medical request for Chagas serology. The specimens were first analyzed by IFI (29 positive and 25 negative) and stored in a serum bank, later they were thawed for analysis by HAI. Agreement between IFI and HAI was determined using the Kappa index. The agreement observed between both methods was very good (Kappa Index=0.96; p<0.0001). No significant differences were observed in the frequencies of samples that presented anti-T. cruzi IgG at low (p=0.759), intermediate (p=1,000) and high (p=0.592) levels. The antibodies measured by both methods showed a good correlation (Spearman's Rho= 0.715; p<0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of HAI versus IFI was 96.6% and 100%, respectively. The findings suggest that the combination of both tests, or HAI with other serological tests, would be a good diagnostic choice in Chagas disease at local level.

ABSTRACT One in four patients affected by maxillofacial trauma will have concomitant orbital fractures and ocular injuries; therefore, an ophthalmological evaluation is recommended for all patients who have been affected by facial trauma. Some ophthalmological exams soon after the trauma can be decisive for the preservation of visual acuity. Patients with physical examination findings of poor visual acuity, afferent pupillary defect, radiographic images with high depth of orbital fracture, are at greater risk of vision loss and specific concern for evaluation of ocular injury. The objective of this study was to gather the prevalent ophthalmologic clinical manifestations in patients affected by orbital fractures, to achieve a better perspective and understanding about the consequences that the pathology brings to the individual regarding ophthalmology and the most appropriate treatments. This is an integrative review study, using the Pubmed®/Medline®, SciELO, Virtual Health Library and Lilacs databases, with a controlled vocabulary according to the search strategy in each of the bibliographic databases, using the terms “ophthalmologic complications”, “prevalence”, “orbital fracture”, in studies published from 2013 to 2023. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Study Quality Assessment Tool from the Department of Health and Human Services. A total of 46 references were found, 20 in Pubmed®/Medline®, 17 in SciELO, 9 in the Virtual Health Library and none in Lilacs. After excluding duplicate references, 44 references were selected for eligibility assessment. After reading the titles and abstracts (n=44), 36 studies were excluded for the following reasons: articles that did not answer our scientific question (n=11) and publication over 10 years (n=25). In the eight selected articles, the objective of the study, the population studied, and the level of evidence were identified. The eight studies aimed to analyze orbital trauma with significant ocular and visual functional changes due to damage to bone, nerve, vascular, and even brain parenchymal tissue in the region of the floor and walls of orbital cavities. Among the most important ophthalmologic clinical manifestations, there are enophthalmos, diplopia, traumatic hyphema, retinal hemorrhage, amaurosis, chemosis, traumatic optic neuropathy and retrobulbar hematoma. Considering the eight studies analyzed, there was a unanimous presence of ophthalmological clinical manifestations in all affected patients, with low visual acuity and hyphema being predominant. Regarding the findings of lower prevalence, when equating them to the most common ophthalmologic clinical manifestations, they have as main factor the transient state, which can be concluded that, even with all the severity of the orbital fracture, its tendency is not to leave permanent sequelae in most cases, although the relationship established by the absence of permanent sequelae is not clear, speculating that this absence is due to the identification of the condition and the appropriate intervention in a timely manner.

RESUMO Um em cada quatro pacientes acometidos por trauma maxilofacial terão concomitantemente fraturas da órbita e lesão ocular. Por isso, uma avaliação oftalmológica minuciosa é recomendada para todos os pacientes que sofrem um trauma de face. Alguns exames oftalmológicos logo após o trauma podem ser decisivos para a preservação da acuidade visual. Sujeitos com achados de exame físico de acuidade visual deficitárias, defeito pupilar aferente e imagens radiográficas com alta profundidade da fratura da órbita estão em maior risco de perda de visão e justificam preocupação específica para avaliação de lesão ocular. O objetivo deste estudo foi reunir as manifestações clínicas oftalmológicas prevalentes em pacientes acometidos por fraturas orbitárias, com o intuito de adquirir melhor perspectiva e entendimento acerca das consequências que a patologia traz ao indivíduo, no que tange à oftalmologia e aos tratamentos mais adequados. Trata-se de estudo de revisão integrativa, utilizando as bases de dados Pubmed®/Medline®, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Lilacs, com um vocabulário controlado segundo a estratégia de busca em cada uma das bases de dados bibliográficas, por meio dos termos “ophthalmologic complications”, “prevalence”, “orbital fracture”, em estudos publicados de 2013 a 2023. A qualidade dos artigos foi avaliada usando o Study Quality Assessment Tool from the Department of Health and Human Services. Foram encontradas 46 referências, sendo 20 no Pubmed®/Medline®, 17 na SciELO, 9 na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e nenhuma na Lilacs. Após excluir referências duplicadas, foram selecionadas 44 referências para avaliação de elegibilidade. Após leitura dos títulos e resumos (n=44), 36 estudos foram excluídos pelas seguintes razões: artigos que não respondiam a nossa pergunta científica (n=11) e publicação superior a 10 anos (n=25). Identificaram-se, nos oito artigos selecionados, o objetivo do estudo, a população estudada o nível de evidência. Os oito estudos tiveram como objetivo analisar traumas orbitais com alterações funcionais significativas oculares e visuais pelo prejuízo ao tecido ósseo, nervoso, vascular e até parenquimatoso cerebral na região do assoalho e paredes de cavidades orbital. Dentre as manifestações clínicas oftalmológicas mais importantes, listam-se manifestação de enoftalmia, diplopia, hifema traumático, hemorragia retiniana, amaurose, quemose, neuropatia óptica traumática e hematoma retrobulbar. Considerando os oito estudos analisados, verificou-se a presença unânime de manifestações clínicas oftalmológicas na totalidade dos pacientes acometidos, sendo predominantes a baixa acuidade visual e o hifema. No que tange aos achados de menor prevalência, ao equipará-los às manifestações clínicas oftalmológicas mais encontradas, verifica-se que possuem como fator principal o estado transitório, concluindo-se que, mesmo com toda a gravidade do quadro de fratura orbitária, sua tendência é não deixar sequelas permanentes em grande partes dos casos, ainda que não seja nítida a relação estabelecida pela ausência de sequelas permanentes, especulando-se que essa ausência se deve à identificação do quadro e à intervenção adequada em tempo hábil.

Resumen Objetivo: Implementar la técnica diagnóstica para deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria mediante la evaluación de la expresión de CD18 y CD15 en pacientes sanos y con sospecha clínica de la enfermedad. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, llevado a cabo en pacientes pediátricos sanos que acudieron al Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud y pacientes de hospitales públicos con sospecha clínica de deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria. Se evaluaron las moléculas CD18 y CD15 en leucocitos periféricos por citometría de flujo, con la intención de estadarizar un rango normal en pacientes sanos. Se estableció el diagnóstico de deficiencia de adhesión lecuocitaria, según la expresión disminuida de CD18 o CD15. Resultados: Se evaluaron 60 pacientes pediátricos: 20 aparentemente sanos y 40 con sospecha clínica de deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria; 12 de 20 pacientes sanos fueron varones (mediana de edad: 14 años) y 27 de 40 con sospecha de la enfermedad fueron mujeres (mediana de edad: 2 años). Predominaron la leucocitosis persistente y las infecciones respiratorias (32%). La expresión de CD18 y CD15 en pacientes sanos fue del 95-100% y en pacientes con sospecha de deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria de 0-100%. Se identificó una paciente con 0% de expresión de CD18 (LAD-1) y otro con 0% de CD15 (LAD-2). Conclusiones: La evaluación de las moléculas CD18 y CD15 permitió detectar los primeros casos de deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria en Paraguay, que sirve de precedente y pone a punto la técnica para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad a nivel local.

Abstract Objective: To implement the diagnostic technique for leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) by evaluating the expression of CD18 and CD15 in healthy patients and in a group with clinical suspicion. Methods: Observational, descriptive, and cross-secctional study, carried out in pediatric patients attended in the Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, and patients from public hospitals with clinical suspicion of LAD were studied. The molecules CD18 and CD15 in peripheral blood leukocytes was evaluated by flow cytometry, establishing a normal range in healthy patients. The presence of LAD was established by decreased expression of CD18 or CD15. Results: Sixty pediatric patients were evaluated: 20 apparently healthy and 40 with clinical suspicion of leukocyte adhesion deficiency; 12 of 20 healthy patients were male (median age: 14 years) and 27 of 40 with suspected disease were female (median age: 2 years). Persistent leukocytosis and respiratory tract (32%) infections predominated. The expression range of CD18 and CD15 in healthy patients was 95%-100%, and in patients with clinical suspicion it was 0%-100%. One patient with 0% of CD18 (LAD-1) and one patient with 0% of CD15 (LAD-2) were detected. Conclusions: The implementation of a new diagnostic technique allowed to establish a normal range of CD18 and CD15 by flow cytometry, and it was possible to detect the first two cases of LAD in Paraguay.

Resumen Introducción: el cuidado prenatal es un aspecto clave de salud pública, con gran impacto en la salud materna y perinatal, así como en otras etapas del ciclo vital. Sus características pueden ser variables entre y al interior de los países, y vincularse a ciertos determinantes sociales. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar escenarios sociosanitarios del cuidado prenatal y analizar asociaciones entre determinantes sociales e indicadores sintéticos seleccionados del cuidado prenatal en Argentina (2010-2018). Metodología: se desarrolló un estudio ecológico de grupos múltiples (n = 24 jurisdicciones). Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de fuentes secundarias: última información disponible del Sistema Informático Perinatal (2018) y censo nacional (2010). Se realizó un análisis de conglomerados de tipo jerárquico y aglomerativo (método de Ward). Se ilustró la distribución espacial de los escenarios identificados y se valoraron las diferencias entre ellos mediante la prueba ANOVA. Para estimar asociaciones entre indicadores sociales e indicadores del cuidado prenatal se propusieron modelos de regresión lineal. Resultados: se identificaron cinco escenarios sociosanitarios del cuidado prenatal, que revelan heterogeneidades en la distribución de indicadores de cuidado prenatal y sociales a nivel provincial. Además, el porcentaje de hogares en situación de pobreza presentó una asociación directa, en tanto el índice de desarrollo humano y la esperanza de vida al nacer una inversa con el control prenatal insuficiente. Conclusiones: existen diferentes escenarios sociosanitarios del cuidado prenatal en Argentina y ciertas características sociales de los contextos en que residen las personas podrían subyacer a su configuración.

Abstract Introduction: the prenatal care is a key aspect in public health, with great impact in maternal and perinatal health, as well as in other stages of the life cycle. The features of the prenatal care could be variable between and within countries, and be related to social determinants. The aim of this study was to identify socio-sanitary scenarios of prenatal care, and to analyze associations between social determinants and selected synthetic indicators of prenatal care in Argentina (2010-2018). Methodology: A multi-group ecological study (n=24 jurisdictions) was developed. The data were obtained from secondary sources: the latest available data of the Perinatal Informatics' System (2018) and national census (2010). A hierarchical and agglomerative cluster analysis was carried out (Wards method). The spatial distribution of the scenarios was illustrated by a map. ANOVA test was applied to assess the differences between the identified scenarios. To estimate associations between social indicators and indicators of prenatal care, linear regression models were applied. Results: five socio-sanitary scenarios of prenatal care were identified, which reveal heterogeneities in the distribution of prenatal and social care indicators. In addition, the percentage of households living in poverty presented a direct association, and the human development index and life expectancy at birth an inverse association with insufficient prenatal care. Conclusions: different socio-sanitary scenarios exist in Argentina, and some social characteristics of the contexts in which people live might underlie its configuration.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Predominant antibody deficiencies (PAD) present with decreased serum levels of immunoglobulins (hypogammaglobulinemia), recurrent infections and their association with allergies has been reported. Information on its frequency in allergic children is limited and in Paraguay there are no data in this regard. Objective: To detect PAD and establish its frequency in pediatric patients with allergic diseases treated at a reference hospital in the country. Materials and methods: 64 pediatric patients (1 to 17 years of age) with a diagnosis of allergy, treated in the Pediatric Outpatient Unidad Pediátrica Ambulatoria-Especialidad Asma of the Hospital de Clínicas (from 2018 to 2019) were evaluated. Serum levels of IgA, IgG and IgM were measured by the radial immunodiffusion method and phenotypic diagnostic criteria were applied to hypogammaglobulinemia cases to define PAD. Results: The median age was 5 years (IQR: 2 - 8), with a predominance of males (58%). The most frequent allergies were asthma (38%) and rhinitis (34%), and recurrent respiratory infections (80%) predominated. The frequency of PAD was 17% (11/64), with 6 cases of immunoglobulin A deficiency detected, 4 isolated IgG deficiencies and a common variable immunodeficiency were also detected. No significant differences were observed when comparing clinical-demographic characteristics between allergic patients with and without PAD. Conclusions: The frequency of PAD was high, so we suggest considering serum immunoglobulins studies in pediatric patients with allergic diseases for timely detection and treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las deficiencias predominantes de anticuerpos (DPA) cursan con disminución de niveles séricos de inmunoglobulinas (hipogammaglobulinemia), infecciones recurrentes y se ha reportado su asociación con las alergias. La información sobre su frecuencia en niños alérgicos es limitada y en Paraguay no existen datos al respecto. Objetivo: Detectar DPA y establecer su frecuencia en pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades alérgicas atendidos en un hospital de referencia del país. Materiales y métodos: Fueron evaluados 64 pacientes pediátricos (1 a 17 años de edad) con diagnóstico de alergia, atendidos en la Unidad Pediátrica Ambulatoria-Especialidad Asma, Alergia e Inmunología del Hospital de Clínicas (periodo 2018-2019). Se midieron los niveles séricos de IgA, IgG e IgM por el método de inmunodifusión radial y se aplicaron criterios de diagnóstico fenotípico a los casos de hipogammaglobulinemia para definir la DPA. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue de 5 años (RIQ: 2 - 8), con predominio del sexo masculino (58%). Las alergias más frecuentes fueron asma (38%) y rinitis (34%), además predominaron las infecciones respiratorias recurrentes (80%). La frecuencia de DPA fue de 17% (11/64), detectándose 6 casos de deficiencia de inmunoglobulina A, 4 deficiencias aisladas de IgG y una inmunodeficiencia común variable. No se observaron diferencias significativas al comparar características clínico-demográficas entre pacientes alérgicos con y sin DPA. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de DPA fue elevada, por lo que se sugiere considerar el estudio de inmunoglobulinas séricas en pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades alérgicas para una detección y tratamiento oportunos.

Abstract Background: systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are important factors in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is recommended for bronchiectasis, but there is no data about its effect on the inflammatory and REDOX status of these patients. Aims: to investigate the effect of PR in non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) patients, and to compare it with the effect of PR plus a hyperproteic oral nutritional supplement (PRS) enriched with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on serum inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers. Materials and methods: this was an open randomized, controlled trial. Thirty individuals (65 years old or younger with a body mass index over 18.5, older than 65 years with a body mass index over 20) were recruited from September 2013 to September 2014, and randomly assigned to receive PR or PRS. Total neutrophils, and inflammatory and oxidative biomarker levels were measured at baseline, and then at 3 and 6 months. Results: in the PRS group neutrophil levels were decreased from baseline at 6 months. A significantly different fold change was found between the PR and PRS groups. In the PR group, IL-6 and adiponectin were increased by the end of the study while TNFα levels were decreased from baseline at 6 months. REDOX biomarkers remained stable throughout the study except for 8-isoprostane levels, which were increased from baseline at 6 months in both groups of patients. Conclusion: a PR program induced a pro-oxidative effect accompanied by changes in circulating inflammatory cytokine levels in NCFB patients. Our results would also suggest a possible beneficial effect of the HMB enriched supplement on neutrophil level regulation in these patients. The information provided in this study could be useful for choosing the right therapeutic approach in the management of bronchiectasis.

Resumen Introducción: la inflamación sistémica y el estrés oxidativo son factores importantes en la patogénesis de la bronquiectasia. La rehabilitación pulmonar (PR) está recomendada en los sujetos con bronquiectasias, pero no hay datos sobre sus posibles efectos sobre el estado inflamatorio y REDOX de estos pacientes. Objetivos: investigar el efecto de la PR en pacientes con bronquiectasias no asociadas a fibrosis quística (NCFB) sobre los biomarcadores oxidativos e inflamatorios, y compararlo con los efectos de la PR junto con la suplementación oral de un suplemento hiperproteico (PRS) enriquecido con beta-hidroxi-beta-metilbutirato (HMB). Material y métodos: ensayo clínico abierto, aleatorizado y controlado. Treinta pacientes (de 65 años o menos con un índice de masa corporal por encima de 18,5, y mayores de 65 años con un índice de masa corporal de más de 20) se aleatorizaron para recibir PR o PRS. Los niveles circulantes de neutrófilos totales y los de biomarcadores de estado inflamatorio y oxidativo se determinaron al inicio del estudio y a los 3 y 6 meses. Resultados: los niveles de neutrófilos en el grupo de PRS se redujeron desde el inicio a los 6 meses, presentando una tasa de cambio significativamente diferente según el tratamiento. En el grupo de PR, la IL-6 y la adiponectina aumentaron al final del estudio, mientras que los niveles de TNFα disminuyeron desde el inicio a los 6 meses. Los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo se mantuvieron estables durante todo el estudio excepto por los niveles de 8-isoprostano, que aumentaron desde el inicio a los 6 meses en ambos grupos de pacientes. Conclusión: el programa de PR indujo un efecto pro-oxidativo acompañado de cambios en los niveles de citoquinas inflamatorias circulantes en pacientes con NCFB. Nuestros resultados también sugieren un posible efecto beneficioso del suplemento nutricional sobre la regulación de los niveles de neutrófilos de estos pacientes.

ABSTRACT This article summarizes the current challenges of family medicine in Latin America and proposes possible lines of action to consolidate its development. In the last 40 years, the health systems of the Region of the Americas have faced reforms whose results were negative in terms of equity, and primary health care, far from being a strategy designed to reduce it, was restricted to a selective and focal policy. In this context, the technical proposals for expansion of training positions in family medicine and their insertion in medical careers have lacked consistency and a clear political direction, and thus their lack of effectiveness can be considered a symptom of these incomplete reforms. In this regard, the Ibero-American Confederation of Family Medicine made recommendations on the political commitment of governments to ensure the necessary structure and funding, consolidate the model of family medicine as a mechanism for the implementation of primary health care, the hierarchy of programs of training, the working conditions of family doctors and professional certification, among others. These technical recommendations, without a consistent and timely political action, will not be more successful than previous attempts.

RESUMEN Este documento tiene por objetivos resumir los desafíos actuales de la medicina familiar en América Latina y proponer posibles líneas de acción para consolidar su desarrollo. En los últimos 40 años, los sistemas de salud de la Región de las Américas han encarado reformas cuyos resultados fueron negativos en términos de equidad, y la atención primaria de la salud, lejos de ser aquella estrategia destinada a reducirla, se restringió a una política focal y selectiva. En este contexto, las propuestas técnicas de expansión de las plazas de formación en medicina familiar y su inserción en las carreras de Medicina, han carecido de coherencia y de una dirección política clara, por lo que su falta de eficacia puede leerse como un síntoma de estas reformas incompletas. Al respecto, la Confederación Iberoamericana de Medicina Familiar realizó recomendaciones sobre el compromiso político de los gobiernos para asegurar la estructura y el financiamiento necesarios, consolidar el modelo de medicina familiar como mecanismo de instrumentación de la atención primaria de la salud, la jerarquización de los programas de formación, las condiciones laborales de los médicos de familia y la certificación profesional, entre otras. Estas recomendaciones técnicas, sin acción política coherente y oportuna, no serán más exitosas que los intentos previos.

RESUMO Este documento tem como objetivo resumir os desafios atuais da medicina familiar na América Latina e propor possíveis linhas de ação para consolidar seu desenvolvimento. Nos últimos 40 anos, os sistemas de saúde da Região das Américas encararam reformas cujos resultados foram negativos em termos de igualdade, e a atenção primária à saúde, longe de sê-la aquela estratégia destinada a reducir-la, restringiu-se a uma política focal e seletiva. Neste contexto, as propostas técnicas de expansão das praças de formação em medicina familiar e sua inserção nas carreiras de Medicina, não dispuseram de coerência e de uma direção política clara, razão pela qual sua falta de eficácia se pode ler como um sintoma destas reformas incompletas. Neste sentido, a Confederação Ibero-americana de Medicina Familiar realizou recomendações sobre o compromisso político dos governos a fim de assegurar a estrutura e o financiamento necessários, consolidar o modelo de medicina familiar como mecanismo de instrumentação da atenção primária à saúde, a hierarquização dos programas de formação, as condições laborais dos médicos de família e a certificação profissional, entre outras. Estas recomendações técnicas, sem ação política coerente e oportuna, não serão mais exitosos que as tentativas prévias.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to study on a new low-elastic textile that fulfilled the criteria of fabrics for the manufacture of compression garments to treat lymphedema. The evolution of Godoy & Godoy compression sleeves was performed by following the patients treated for arm lymphedema. Sixty-six patients with ages ranging from 35 to 83 years and a mean of 58.8 years were included in this study. Diagnosis, by the clinical evaluation confirmed by the volumetry, was defined as a volume difference of more than 200 mL between the arms. All the participants were submitted to treatment sessions once, or two times weekly in an outpatient setting. The material used for the compression sleeve in this study was commercialized in Brazil under the name of Gorgurão(r). When high alterations in the pattern of sleeves were made, the patients were monitored by weekly volumetric assessments. The criterion to maintain the modifications in the design was that the hand did not present with edema. By the end of the study, the design of the sleeve was changed so as not to use compression therapy of the hands in 81.8% of the cases; 12.2% continued with compression of the hand, 3.0% stopped using compression completely and 3.0% used only a glove. Thus, Godoy & Godoy compression sleeves could be an efficient option for compression in the treatment of arm lymphedema as they provided better independence in day-to-day activities.

Worldwide, different guidelines are used to assess the adequacy of gestational weight gain. This study identified the recommendations for gestational weight gain in Brazilian women. We also determined the proportion of women with adequate weight gain in accordance with these recommendations and the associated perinatal outcomes. A systematic review was performed. A computerized search was conducted utilizing the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, SciELO and Google Scholar. Observational studies of healthy, Brazilian, pregnant women were included. Studies were excluded if they did not provide pregestational weight and gestational weight gain or if they studied women with comorbid conditions. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the odds ratio of inadequate (insufficient or excessive) gestational weight gain. Seventeen studies were included in the systematic review and four studies were included in the meta-analysis. The most widely used recommendations were from the Institute of Medicine. Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with fetal macrosomia and high rates of cesarean delivery. Overweight women had a higher risk of excessive gestational weight gain than eutrophic women (OR=2.80, 95%CI=2.22-3.53). There are no standardized recommendations concerning gestational weight gain based on Brazilian population-based data. Many Brazilian women are overweight or obese at the beginning of pregnancy. Overweight pregnant women have a higher risk of excessive gestational weight gain. Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with cesarean delivery and fetal macrosomia.

Os exercícios físicos podem e devem ser recomendados para todas as gestantes saudáveis. Sua prática regular durante a gestação pode promover inúmeros benefícios físicos e psicológicos, além de não haver evidências de desfechos adversos para o feto e/ou recém-nascido, quando realizados em intensidade leve a moderada. No entanto, poucas gestantes aderem a essa prática e muitas ainda têm receios e dúvidas quanto à segurança da sua realização. Este artigo teve como objetivo a informação e a disseminação entre profissionais de saúde, que assistem às gestantes no Brasil, das atuais recomendações sobre exercício físico durante a gestação, baseadas nas melhores evidências científicas disponíveis. Diante da percepção de existirem poucos modelos sistematizados a respeito, e após a realização de vários estudos nesta área específica, reunimos informações práticas de interesse para os profissionais e gestantes. Ademais, incluímos recomendações quanto às indicações, contraindicações, modalidades (exercícios aeróbicos, treinamento de resistência muscular, alongamento e exercícios do assoalho pélvico), frequência, intensidade e duração dos exercícios para cada trimestre gestacional. Abordamos recomendações de exercícios físicos tanto para as gestantes de baixo risco quanto para populações especiais de mulheres, como atletas, hipertensas, diabéticas e obesas. A conscientização dos benefícios auferidos por um estilo de vida mais saudável durante e após a gestação deve ser sempre lembrada e estimulada pela equipe atendente. Por estarem as gestantes muito próximas dos especialistas e altamente motivadas, oportunizam-se exames de rotina, retornos frequentes e supervisão para uma série de novas orientações que podem refletir em sua saúde e na de seu bebê a longo prazo.

Physical exercise is recommended for all healthy pregnant women. Regular practice of exercises during pregnancy can provide many physical and psychological benefits, with no evidence of adverse outcomes for the fetus or the newborn when exercise is performed at mild to moderate intensity. However, few pregnant women engage in this practice and many still have fears and doubts about the safety of exercise. The objective of the present study was to inform the professionals who provide care for Brazilian pregnant women about the current recommendations regarding physical exercise during pregnancy based on the best scientific evidence available. In view of the perception that few systematic models are available about this topic and after performing several studies in this specific area, we assembled practical information of interest to both the professionals and the pregnant women. We also provide recommendations about the indications, contraindications, modalities (aerobics, resistance training, stretching and pelvic floor training), frequency, intensity and duration indicated for each gestational trimester. The review addresses physical exercise recommendation both for low risk pregnant women and for special populations, such as athletes and obese, hypertensive and diabetic subjects. The advantages of an active and healthy lifestyle should be always reinforced during and after gestation since pregnancy is an appropriate period to introduce new habits because pregnant women are usually more motivated to adhere to recommendations. Thus, routine exams, frequent returns and supervision are recommended in order to provide new guidelines that will have long-term beneficial effects for both mother and child.

A redução na qualidade pós-colheita do mamão deve-se em grande parte aos danos mecânicos, especialmente àqueles do tipo corte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi reproduzir este dano mecânico e avaliar os efeitos do número de cortes na qualidade e na fisiologia pós-colheita de mamões 'Golden'. Os cortes foram obtidos com o uso de uma lâmina de aço de 30 mm de comprimento e 5 mm de profundidade. Os tratamentos consistiram na reprodução de 1 a 4 cortes na região mediana dos frutos. Mamões sem cortes foram utilizados como controle. Após a reprodução dos danos, os frutos foram armazenados em câmara a 22ºC e 80-90% de UR por 10 dias. As análises de qualidade foram realizadas a cada dois dias, e as fisiológicas, diariamente. Os resultados demonstraram que a firmeza, o teor de sólidos solúveis e de ácido ascórbico, a atividade respiratória e a produção de etileno foram influenciados pelo número de cortes, de forma que a perda de qualidade dos frutos foi diretamente proporcional ao número de cortes.

The reduction in postharvest quality of papaya fruit is mainly due to mechanical damage, especially those caused by cuts on the surface. In this study the cuts were reproduced in the laboratory to evaluate the effects of the number of cuts on quality and postharvest physiology of 'Golden' papaya fruit. The cuts were made using a steel blade 30 mm long and 5 mm deep. The treatments consisted of making 1 to 4 cuts on the equatorial region of the fruits. Papaya fruits with no cuts were used as control. Fruits were stored at 22 ºC and 80-90% RH for 10 days. The quality analyses were performed every two days, whereas the physiological analyses were performed daily. It was observed that firmness, soluble solid content, ascorbic acid content, respiration rate and ethylene production were affected by the number of cuts, showing that the fruit quality loss was directly proportional to the number of cuts.

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar as injúrias mecânicas que ocorrem em mamões 'Golden' e avaliar seus efeitos na qualidade dos frutos armazenados a 22ºC e 85% UR durante 10 dias. As injúrias identificadas como abrasão, corte e amassado foram reproduzidas nos frutos. As abrasões foram provocadas com lixa grão 200, numa área de 6cm². Os cortes foram realizados com incisões de 30 mm de comprimento e 5 mm de profundidade. O amassado foi provocado pelo impacto dos frutos, que foram deixados cair de uma altura de 2 m. Cada fruto recebeu 2 injúrias em lados opostos, na região de maior diâmetro. Mamões intactos foram utilizados como controle. A região danificada pela abrasão não desenvolveu cor amarelo-alaranjada; ocorreu escurecimento da casca, comprovado pelos menores valores de luminosidade e cromaticidade. Abrasão e impacto levaram a maior redução da firmeza da polpa e perda de massa. Imagens de ressonância magnética revelaram que frutos danificados pelas injúrias perderam sua integridade, o que foi identificado por áreas claras devido à presença de água livre. A qualidade de mamões 'Golden' é prejudicada por injúrias mecânicas, principalmente pelo impacto pela abrasão.

This work aimed to identify the mechanical injuries that occur in 'Golden' papaya fruits, and to evaluate the injuries effects on the quality of the fruits at early ripening stage and storage at 22ºC and 85% RH for 10 days. The mechanical injuries identified were abrasion, cuts and bruises. Abrasion was caused by 200 mesh sandpaper in a 6 cm² of peel surface area. Cut injury was obtained by cutting fruits at 30mm length and 5mm depth. Bruises were produced in the papayas by impact, which were dropped from 2 m height onto a hard surface. Each fruit were injured twice in the opposite sides at the widest diameter region. Intact fruits were considered as control. Injured areas by abrasion did not develop the typical yellow color. The luminosity and chroma values were lower in injured areas. Abrasion and impact injuries were responsible for flesh firmness decrease and higher water loss. Magnetic resonance images showed that injured papaya fruits lost their integrity. In the injured areas were visualized clear region due to free water content. The quality of 'Golden' papaya fruits is affect by mechanical injuries, mainly due to the impact and the abrasion injuries.

Por meio da noção de regime pedagógico, investiga-se a articulação entre epistemologia e política em dois eixos de funcionamento: um em torno da disciplina corporal ligado às exigências do processo de industrialização, outro em torno da autonomia do sujeito ligado à formação dos Estados nacionais. Os historiadores da educação situaram no coração das práticas escolares a inscrição pedagógica do cidadão como sujeito político dotado de direitos e obrigações; essa inscrição respondeu às exigências inerentes ao quadro conceitual próprio das sociedades democráticas. A noção de alquimia, proposta por Popkewitz, foi retomada para compreender como as práticas pedagógicas traduzem saberes disciplinares em conteúdos psicológicos que são inseparáveis de contextos políticos mais amplos; esse aspecto confere à pedagogia uma dimensão estratégica que deve ser levada em conta na análise dos investimentos pedagógicos no presente. Considerando as características que atravessam as práticas sociais de nossos dias, a intervenção de tipo ambiental (Foucault) e a lógica do controle (Deleuze), são abordados Educação, Meio Ambiente e Cultura como domínios de objetos sobre os quais atua o investimento pedagógico hoje.

Through the notion of pedagogic regime, we investigate the articulation between epistemology and politics in two operational axes: one concerning the body discipline related to the needs of the industrialization process, the other concerning the subject's autonomy related to the formation of the national States. Educational historians set, on the core of school practices, the citizen's pedagogic inscription as a political citizen endowed with rights and obligations; this inscription responded to the inherent demands of the democratic societies' own conceptual perspectives. The alchemy notion, proposed by Popkewitz, was used to comprehend how pedagogic practices translate discipline knowledge into psychological subjects inseparable from wider political contexts; such aspect offers the pedagogy a strategic dimension that must be considered when analyzing pedagogical investments in present-days. Considering the characteristics that go through current social practices, the sort of environmental intervention (Foucault) and the logic of control (Deleuze), Education, Environment and Culture, are approached as domains of objects upon which pedagogical investments are carried out nowadays.

Este artigo aborda as diferentes articulações entre os processos que permitem e validam a criação de áreas protegidas, segundo um modelo que tem como fundamento a existência de uma única natureza. Tal abordagem permite explicitar os percursos inventados pela ecologia na constituição de um território científico e os critérios que esta área de conhecimento cria e estabelece no esforço de definir a Natureza e aquilo que nela deve ser considerado como "destinado a preservação".